Nutritional risk in GLP-1 users: evidence matrix

Three dimensions are assessed separately for each nutrient. The evidence basis column distinguishes direct GLP-1 trial data from bariatric extrapolation and mechanistic reasoning. Deficiency risk and supplementation evidence are rated independently. Tap any row to expand clinical detail.

Evidence basis
Direct GLP-1 dataEvidence from GLP-1 trial populations
Bariatric extrapolationDirection informative; magnitude likely overestimated
Mechanistic onlyNo human deficiency data in any comparable population
Safety signalCase report level; rare but serious
Deficiency risk and supplementation evidence grades
StrongMultiple consistent RCTs or robust longitudinal data
ModerateConsistent indirect evidence or single strong dataset
EmergingPlausible + at least indirect human evidence; not yet established
InsufficientMechanistic plausibility only; no supporting human evidence
Note on deficiency risk column: reduced dietary intake does not imply clinical deficiency without biomarker confirmation. These are separate constructs rated independently.
Nutrient Evidence basisSource of the concern Intake riskReduced adequacy from dietary intake Deficiency riskEvidence of actual deficiency in GLP-1 users
Supplementation evidence
General population GLP-1-specific

Bariatric extrapolation entries draw on post-bariatric surgery cohorts. This literature establishes direction of risk but likely overestimates absolute deficiency magnitude in GLP-1 users whose gastrointestinal anatomy is intact. All ratings reflect the best available evidence and state their basis explicitly where direct GLP-1 data are absent.